Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: The Penetration Depth and Bactericidal Efficacy of 2% Chlorhexidine Iontophoresis in Human Coronal Dentin In Vitro

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2026.109439

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopic images of infected coronal dentin: (A) clusters of S mutans on the dentin surface and (B) bacteria penetration into the dentinal tubules.

Article Snippet: To validate the infection method, the other 6 tooth specimens were infected with S mutans ATCC 25175 by the centrifugation method described in the previous section.

Techniques: Infection, Bacteria

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on planktonic S mutans . (A) Growth inhibition rate (%) of S mutans cells after THC treatment. THC concentrations of 2 μg/mL and above inhibited 90% of S mutans cell growth. The experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times. AMP, ampicillin. (B) The pH of the culture medium of planktonic growing S mutans in Brain Heart Infusion with increasing concentrations of THC. The experiment was repeated 3 times but no triplicates. ** P < .01, **** P < .0001.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on S mutans biofilm formation. (A, B) The crystal violet staining was used to detect the biomass of the S mutans biofilm. (C) The live/dead assay was used to determine the viability of the S mutans biofilm. Relative fluorescent units indicate the value of each treatment group normalized to the solvent control. Those results were determined by the TECAN Spark. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times. **** P < .0001.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Staining, Live Dead Assay, Solvent, Control

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibited S mutans biofilm formation, and viability was examined by immunofluorescence. Each experiment was performed twice, and representative images were used. Pie charts show the proportions of integrated fluorescence intensity (IntDen, analyzed with ImageJ) corresponding to PI (red), SYTO 9 (green), and Cascade Blue Dextran (blue) signals. Scale bars represent 20 µm.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the preformed S mutans biofilm. (A, B) The crystal violet staining was used to detect the biomass of the S mutans biofilm. (C-F) The live/dead assay was used to determine the viability of the S mutans biofilm after 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours of treatment. (G) The methylthiazolyldiphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the metabolic activity of the S mutans biofilm. (H, I) The timeline of the live cells and dead cells after THC treatment for 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours. Those results were determined by the TECAN Spark. Each experiment was performed 3 times in triplicate. * P < .05, ** P < .01, *** P < .001, **** P < .0001.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Staining, Live Dead Assay, MTT Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the preformed S mutans biofilm viability. Biofilms were photographed under a fluorescence microscope after live/dead staining. The live cells are shown in green, and the dead cells in red. The figure shows a merged color of green and red, evaluating the viability of S mutans biofilm. At the 1-hour, 3-hour, and 6-hour time points, compared with the methanol group, the biofilm was more yellow and even red in the THC groups, and as the THC concentration increased, the color of the biofilm became redder, indicating a dose-dependent change. In the different concentration groups, as time increased, the color of the biofilm became increasingly red from 1 to 6 hours, while there was no obvious change in the methanol group, illustrating a time-dependent change. In the 24-hour group, the color of the biofilms in the THC groups was not as red as at 6 hours, consistent with the TECAN results. As shown in Figure 4H-I, the live cells increased, and the dead cells did not change much, suggesting that the effect of THC gradually diminished over 6 to 24 hours. Each experiment was performed twice, and representative images were used. Pie charts show the proportions of integrated fluorescence intensity (IntDen, analyzed with ImageJ) corresponding to PI (red) and SYTO 9 (green) signals. Scale bars represent 20 µm.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Microscopy, Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Tetrahydrocannabinol on Streptococcus mutans and Its Anticariogenic Potential

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109386

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on S mutans membrane potential. (A) Performance and validation of negative (black bars) and positive (gray bars) controls for the membrane potential assays performed simultaneously in a 96-well microplate under harmonized conditions (Brain Heart Infusion medium, cellular density OD 600 = 0.03) using S mutans in the absence of cannabinoids. (B) The effect of different concentrations of THC on S mutans after a 5-minute treatment. ** P < .01, **** P < .0001.

Article Snippet: The S mutans strain (ATCC 25175) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Membrane, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: International Dental Journal

Article Title: Targeting Biofilms With Nanotechnology: A Comparative Study of Silver and Selenium Nanoparticles

doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.109366

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percentage biofilm growth inhibition versus concentration for nanoparticles and positive controls against (A) dual-species S. mutans and C. albicans biofilms, (B) single-species S. mutans biofilms, and (C) single-species C. albicans biofilms.

Article Snippet: S. mutans (ATCC 25175) and C. albicans (SC5314) were revived from –80 °C vials and cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar plates (Becton Dickinson), followed by incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours.

Techniques: Inhibition, Concentration Assay

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticle‐Coated NiTi Orthodontic Wires With Enhanced Friction‐Reducing Surfaces

doi: 10.1155/bmri/3542007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduction in cell viability, R (%) against S. mutans .

Article Snippet: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of the samples against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668), the colony count method was performed as follows.

Techniques: